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Biodiversity of Panama

Biodiversity of Panama

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Panama, a country located in Central America, is well-known for its incredible biodiversity. Located at the intersection of North and South America, the country’s unique geographic and climatic conditions have resulted in a rich variety of flora and fauna. The formation of the Isthmus around three million years ago played a significant role in shaping the biodiversity of Panama, serving as a bridge for species migration between the two continents.

Geological Influence on Panama’s Biodiversity

The Isthmus of Panama’s emergence has not only connected North and South America but also separated the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This geological event, known as the Great American Biotic Exchange, allowed species to migrate between the continents, drastically influencing Panama’s current biodiversity. Additionally, the separation of the oceans led to changes in global ocean currents, which in turn affected global climate patterns. These factors combined to create a multitude of habitats within a relatively small area, fostering an environment rich in species diversity.

Biodiversity “Hotspot”

Panama is considered a biodiversity hotspot due to its wide range of ecosystems and species. The country’s diverse climate, soil types, and ecosystems, including 13 life zones and six types of vegetation, contribute to this status. Forests cover over 65% of Panama’s territory, playing a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and serving as indicators of healthy ecosystems.

Provinces such as Bocas del Toro and Darién are notable for their high levels of biodiversity. Panama is home to approximately 1,300 endemic species, including various birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fish, and plants. This level of endemism underscores the uniqueness of Panama’s biodiversity and its importance for global conservation efforts.

Key Biodiversity Facts:

  • 9% of the world’s known bird species
  • 2.3% of reptile species
  • 3.4% of amphibian species
  • 4.8% of mammal species
  • 220 freshwater fish species
  • 1,157 marine fish species
  • more than 1500 species of butterflies
  • more than 2500 species of moths

Birds of Panama

Panama, with its diverse ecosystems, hosts unique birds such as the Resplendent Quetzal and the Harpy Eagle. The Darién National Park is a prime birdwatching spot, known for its endemic and migratory bird species. This park offers a habitat for an incredible array of birdlife, contributing significantly to Panama’s status as a global birding destination. The presence of these birds highlights the ecological richness and the importance of conservation efforts in the region

Reptiles of Panama

The country’s reptile diversity includes the Panama Leaf-Toed Gecko and Cope’s Arboreal Alligator Lizard. Bocas del Toro is a special hot spot for spotting these reptiles in their natural habitat. Conservation efforts here are crucial to maintain the delicate balance and protect these unique species from habitat loss and other environmental threats.

Unique Amphibians

Panama’s amphibian population features species like the critically endangered Panamanian Golden Frog (Atelopus zeteki). The Chiriquí Highlands are renowned for their rich amphibian diversity. These highlands offer a cool, moist environment ideal for amphibians, which is increasingly rare due to climate change and deforestation. Protecting these areas is vital for the survival of these unique species, many of which are endangered or have very limited ranges.

Exciting Mammals

The Coiba Island Howler Monkey and the Azuero Spider Monkey are a special sight to catch. A small group of the Azuero Spider Monkey is known to be living in the remaining dry forest around Playa Venao. Closer to the city we recommend visiting the Soberanía National Park and even a morning hike at Ancon Hill will allow to experience closely related monkey species. Some of the largest mammals in Panama are small deer, while predators like the jaguar, jaguarundi and ocelot are extremely shy and keep away from human developments.

Freshwater Fish

Panama is home to endemic fish species like the Amatitlania altoflava and Amatitlania nanolutea, both from the Cichlidae family. Meanwhile, the invasive peacock bass (Cichla ocellaris) offers great fun for sports fishing but has nearly wiped out other native fish species due to its aggressive nature and rapid population growth.

Marine Fish

In Panama, commercial fishing is restricted to protect marine biodiversity, allowing only artisanal and sports fishing. Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection is a UNESCO world heritage site in the Gulf of Chiriqui. The Pearl Islands are also famous for whale watching during the whale season, from mid-July to late September. Due to its prestine waters and high biodiversity the Panamanian waters are renowned for their world-class bill fishing and spear fishing opportunities.

Butterflies

With over 1,500 species, Panama is home to six species of Morpho butterflies, including the well-known Blue Morpho (Morpho peleides), Morpho amathonte, and Morpho cypris. They are famous for their metallic iridescent blue wings, which are an amaying sight when hiking the lush tropical forests. The Metropolitan Natural Park only minutes form the city is already a great area to observe them year around, with several peaks of sightings depending on the species.

Moths

Panama hosts over 2,500 species of moths, including the Central American Silkmoth and Aellopos titan. The forests around the Gamboa Rainforest Resort are easily accessible to get a sight of moths at night. This area, rich in both flora and fauna, provides ideal conditions for a wide variety of moths.

Flora in Panama

Panama ranks among the top 25 countries globally in terms of flowering plant species diversity. The country boasts around 10,444 species of flowering plants, accounting for 3.3% of global plant diversity. Additionally, Panama contains 7.1% of the world’s ferns.

Magnificent Trees of Panama

You will find some of the most unique and valuable tree species, including the Almendro (Dipteryx oleifera), known for its extremely hard wood and importance to the ecosystem as a habitat for the Great Green Macaw. The Cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa) is prized for its beautiful, dark-colored wood used in fine furniture and musical instruments. The Espavé (Anacardium excelsum), a massive canopy tree, plays a crucial role in maintaining forest biodiversity. The Cedro Espino (Pachira quinata) is valued for its durable wood and is often used in construction. Lastly, the Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) is known for its lightweight wood, essential in model building and is a tree to watch out for as even branches will fall easily during heavy rain.

Flowering Trees of Panama

Panama features a stunning variety of trees that flower in bright colours (January-April). The Tabebuia rosea, also known as the Pink Poui or Rosy Trumpet Tree creates a beautiful spectacle across the country with it’s bright pink flowers. In terms of yellow flowers, the Tabebuia guayacan, or Yellow Poui, is easy to spot with its bright yellow blooms in March, adding splashes of color to the forest, but can also be found in Parque Omar and Camino Real de Bethania. Unfortunately the bloom only lasts a couple days for each tree.

Biodiversity Research

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is a key player in Panama and enjoys a high reputation as a primary research facility for tropical ecosystems. Barro Colorado Island, part of STRI, is one of the most studied tropical forests globally. Research here covers climate change, species interactions, evolution and conservation, emphasizing the importance of tropical rainforests in maintaining global biodiversity.

Forest Conservation Efforts

Panama’s forests play a vital role in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and water regulation. Various companies and groups are the primary stewards of these forests working closely with indigenous populations, contributing significantly to the country’s conservation efforts. Panama has committed to reforesting more than 50,000 hectares in the coming years to maintain its status as a green nation and preserve its water sources.

Panama: A Carbon-Negative Country

At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 26) in Glasgow, Scotland, Panama was recognized as one of the few carbon-negative countries globally. The nation absorbs more greenhouse gases than it emits, thanks to its extensive forest cover, which spans approximately 4,925,789 hectares, and over 165,000 hectares of mangroves.

Hiking Trails and Eco-Tourism

Panama offers numerous hiking trails that showcase its diverse ecosystems. These trails vary in difficulty and provide opportunities to experience the country’s unique flora and fauna. Some popular hiking destinations include:

  • Chucanti Natural Reserve, Darién
  • Darién National Park, Rancho Frío Station
  • Cerro Jefe, Eastern Panama
  • Camino de Cruces National Park, Northern Panama
  • Pipeline Road or Camino del Oleoducto, Gamboa-Colón
  • Barro Colorado Island, Gamboa-Colón
  • Altos de Campana Natural Park, Western Panama
  • Cerro Gaital, Anton Valley, Coclé
  • Los Picacho de Olá, Coclé
  • Omar Torrijos National Park, Herrera, Coclé
  • Santa Fe National Park, Veraguas
  • Peña Blanca Mountain or Sacred Mountain, Ngäbe Buglé Comarca
  • Barú Volcano National Park, Chiriquí
    • Climb to the Volcano’s Summit
    • Los Quetzales Trail
  • La Amistad International Park, Pianist Trail, Chiriquí

Popular Hiking Destinations to enjoy the Biodiversity of Panama

  1. Chucanti Natural Reserve, Darién
  2. Darién National Park, Rancho Frío Station
  3. Cerro Jefe, Eastern Panama
  4. Camino de Cruces National Park, Northern Panama
  5. Pipeline Road, Gamboa-Colón
  6. Barro Colorado Island, Gamboa-Colón
  7. Altos de Campana Natural Park, Western Panama
  8. Cerro Gaital, Anton Valley, Coclé
  9. Los Picacho de Olá, Coclé
  10. Omar Torrijos National Park, Herrera, Coclé
  11. Santa Fe National Park, Veraguas
  12. Peña Blanca Mountain, Ngäbe Buglé Comarca
  13. Barú Volcano National Park, Climb to the Summit, Chiriquí
  14. Barú Volcano National Park, Los Quetzales Trail, Chiriquí
  15. La Amistad International Park, Pianist Trail, Chiriquí

Conclusion

Panama’s incredible biodiversity is a result to its unique geographic location and environmental conditions. The country’s extensive forest cover, rich flora, and diverse fauna make it a vital region for global biodiversity. Conservation efforts by private organizations, research institutes and the government are essential for maintaining this biodiverse haven. With its commitment to sustainability and eco-tourism opportunities, Panama is becoming an increasingly more attractive location for tourists to enjoy its nature.

Learn more about Panama and explore options to stay there permanently.

 

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